Recent Developments in Construction Disputes

PUBLISHED: 24th February 2021

Adjudication, Cross-claims and Bond Calls

A recent High Court ruling by Ms Justice Nuala Butler in Construgomes & another -v- Dragados Ireland Limited & others [2021] IEHC 79 raises a number of important considerations that parties in construction disputes should bear in mind when dealing with adjudication proceedings, cross-claims and bond calls.  

Background

The First and Second Named Defendants in these proceedings are respectively a Spanish and Dutch based joint venture (the “Joint Venture”), who were successfully awarded a multi-million-euro contract to construct and operate the New Ross Bypass.  The Plaintiff is a Portuguese based civil engineering company (specialising in bridgework), who entered into a subcontract worth approximately €2.7 million for certain specified construction work.  As part of the contractual arrangement between the parties, the Plaintiff procured an “on demand” performance bond or letter of credit (the “on demand bond”) from the Third Named Defendant (the “Bank”).   

Adjudication Proceedings

In or around mid-2019 a dispute arose regarding the payment of the Plaintiff’s final account.  Ultimately, the dispute was referred to adjudication under the Construction Contracts Act 2013 (the “CCA”), with the Plaintiff seeking payment of €1,157,919.30.  When defending the adjudication proceedings, the Joint Venture cross-claimed (under a number of headings) for a sum of €1,482,744.88.  The adjudicator’s decision was delivered on 20 November 2019 and a sum of €388,274 was awarded in favour of the Plaintiff (with only €1,275 of the Joint Venture’s
cross-claim being allowed). 

Recourse to “On Demand” Performance Bond or Letter of Credit

On the same day as the adjudicator’s decision was delivered, the Joint Venture formally notified the Plaintiff that it was of the view that the terms of the subcontract had been violated and requested payment of the residual amount guaranteed by the on demand bond (i.e. €134,713.45) to cover its losses.  In so doing, the Joint Venture advised that if such an amount was not forthcoming, it intended to formally call in the on demand bond from the Bank.

The Plaintiff responded by amongst other things disputing liability for the various issues raised and asserting that the Joint Venture could not cross-claim separately for matters which it contended had been dealt with as part of the adjudication proceedings.  The approach adopted by the Joint Venture was described by the Plaintiff as being a “collateral attack” on the adjudicator’s decision, which it contended was “tantamount to fraud”.  

Application for Injunctive Relief

Against this backdrop, the Plaintiff issued proceedings on 28 September 2020.  The following day the Plaintiff successfully obtained an ex-parte interim injunction, which had the effect of restraining the Bank from paying out on foot of the on demand bond. The matter then proceeded to interlocutory hearing before Ms Justice Nuala Butler, who made a number of very interesting observations and/or findings, including:

1. Payment on foot of an on demand bond is autonomous and/or independent from the resolution of any dispute arising in relation to the subcontract, i.e. the adjudication proceedings.
2. Due to the nature of an on demand bond the circumstances in which it will be appropriate for a Court to restrain payment on foot of same will be “extremely limited and exceptional”.  Further, the Court will only consider restraining payment (particularly on an interlocutory basis) where there is “clear, obvious or established” fraud on the part of the beneficiary.
3. While the Court made a conscious decision (bearing in mind the fact that this was an interlocutory hearing) not to rule on the proposition advanced by the Plaintiff in respect of Henderson v Henderson (1843) 3 Hare 100, it noted that there was “considerable difficulty” accepting the contention that Henderson v Henderson has the effect of compelling a respondent to an adjudication process to pursue the entirety of any potential cross-claim(s) in that process or lose the right to do so separately.   In this regard, the very fact that there is no express reference to cross-claims within the CCA is of particular relevance.
4. The Court appears to have accepted the Joint Venture’s position that the unsuccessful cross-claim advanced as part of the defence of the adjudication proceedings, is separate from the claims which now underpin their right recourse in relation to the on demand bond from the Bank.

With the above in mind, the Court concluded that the Plaintiff had failed to establish and/or infer a clear or obvious case of fraud on the part of the Joint Venture.  Therefore, the Plaintiff had no entitlement to resist payment of the on demand bond.

Comment   

In circumstances where the intricacies of the CCA have been the subject of relatively few judgments, this is welcome insight into how the Courts are likely to deal with the interplay between adjudication proceedings, cross-claims and bond calls going forward.

LK Shields Solicitors LLP is one of a small number of law firms in Ireland that have been instructed in construction adjudications pursuant to the CCA.  If you require any advice in relation to the adjudication process, please do not hesitate to contact our Projects and Construction Team.